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    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">scholix</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Business Innovation &amp; Management</journal-title></journal-title-group>
      <publisher><publisher-name>Scholix Publishers</publisher-name></publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">83</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.61148/IJBIM/sychological-safety-in-complex-organizations--from-cooperative-game-theory-to--quantum-behavioral-mechanics</article-id>
      <title-group><article-title>Sychological Safety in Complex Organizations: From Cooperative Game Theory to  Quantum Behavioral Mechanics</article-title></title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><string-name>Mohammad Taleghani</string-name></name></contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>18</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright &#169; 2026 Scholix Publishers</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.</license-p></license>
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  <body><p>Corresponding author: Mohammad Taleghani1*, Mohammadreza Jabreilzadeh Sola1, Ataollah Taleghani2

Abstract

This study develops an integrative theoretical framework that bridges cooperative game theory with quantum behavioral mechanics to explain organizational safety dynamics. Drawing upon the foundational premise that psychological safety functions as a strategic asset under adverse shocks, the model conceptualizes organizational decision-making as a quantum superposition state where workers simultaneously exist in safe and unsafe conditions until managerial measurement collapses the wave function. The framework introduces the Psychological Safety Index (PSI) as a measurable macroeconomic predictor and demonstrates that a 10%cline in aggregate psychological safety across critical industries precedes economic recessions by 18–24 months with a correlation coefficient of 0.87. Using cooperative game-theoretic modeling, the study distributes trust and responsibility between human agents and organizational systems through Shapley value allocation. The analysis extends to Iranian industrial case studies, particularly steel manufacturing and maritime supply chains, where quantum behavioral metrics are operationalized through fuzzy inference systems and digital twin simulations. The theory proposes that organizational resilience emerges not from classical probabilistic risk assessment but from the coherent management of quantum-like behavioral uncertainties. Policy implications include the establishment of ISO/PS-AI standards for AI-augmented supply chains and the formulation of a Global Psychological Safety Covenant under ILO supervision. The framework contributes to safety science, behavioral economics, and operations management by offering the first mathematically rigorous model that treats human cognitive states as wave functions within organizational systems.

Keywords: psychological safety, cooperative game theory, quantum behavioral mechanics, organizational resilience, supply chain management, safety economics

1.Introduction

The evolution of safety science has traversed a trajectory from technical-engineering paradigms toward socio-technical and, more recently, cognitive-behavioral frameworks (Hale, Guldenmund, &amp; Goossens, 2022). Despite these advances, classical models of occupational safety remain tethered to Newtonian assumptions of linear causality, deterministic prediction, and reducible complexity (Dekker, 2011). Such frameworks inadequately capture the emergent properties of modern organizational systems, where human behavior exhibits non-linear, context-dependent, and fundamentally uncertain characteristics (Reason, 1990; Perrow, 1984).

The concept of psychological safety—defined as the shared belief that a team is safe for interpersonal risk-taking (Edmondson, 1999)—has emerged as a critical determinant of organizational learning, innovation, and performance (Edmondson &amp; Lei, 2014). However, existing literature treats psychological safety primarily as a micro-level psychological construct, neglecting its potential macroeconomic implications and its dynamic behavior under systemic perturbations (Frazier et al., 2017). This study addresses this lacuna by proposing that psychological safety operates as economic infrastructure, analogous to physical capital or technological systems, whose degradation propagates cascading failures across organizational and national scales.

Recent developments in quantum cognition have demonstrated that human decision-making exhibits superposition, interference, and entanglement effects analogous to quantum physical systems (Busemeyer &amp; Bruza, 2012; Haven &amp; Khrennikov, 2013). While these models have been applied to individual judgment and financial markets, their extension to organizational safety remains unexplored. This study integrates quantum behavioral mechanics with cooperative game theory to develop a novel theoretical architecture capable of modeling the irreducible uncertainty inherent in human-system interactions.

The Iranian industrial context provides an empirical testing ground for this framework. Decades of international sanctions, supply chain disruptions, and technological isolation have created a natural laboratory for studying organizational resilience under extreme adversity (Jebreilzadeh, 2024). The steel manufacturing, maritime logistics, and petrochemical sectors exhibit complex socio-technical characteristics where classical safety models have demonstrated systematic failures (Jebreilzadeh &amp; Sadeghi, 2023).

This paper makes four contributions. First, it formalizes psychological safety as a macroeconomic variable through the Psychological Safety Index (PSI). Second, it develops a cooperative game-theoretic model that distributes responsibility and trust between human agents and organizational systems. Third, it introduces quantum behavioral mechanics as a metaphorical and mathematical framework for understanding organ</p></body>
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